📘 Le past perfect simple et le past perfect be-ing

📐 I. Formation

Past perfect simple : had + participe passé (tous sujets).
Négatif : hadn’t + pp. Interrogatif : Had + sujet + pp?

Past perfect be-ing : had been + BV + -ing.

📐 II. Emplois

Past perfect simple : action antérieure à une autre action passée (= plus-que-parfait français).
When I arrived, she had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went out.
Marqueurs : when, after, before, by the time, as soon as.

Past perfect be-ing : durée avant un moment passé.
She was tired because she had been working all night.

Concordance des temps (discours indirect) :
présent direct → prétérit indirect / prétérit direct → past perfect indirect.
He said he had seen the film.

💡 À retenir

• Past perfect : had + pp (tous sujets) = plus-que-parfait.
• Antériorité dans le passé → before/after/when → had done.
• Discours indirect : prétérit → past perfect.